Juvenile Trials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Juvenile Trials - Assignment Example In contrast, all the court proceedings in adult criminal trial are different. A juvenile justice system is primarily made under the assumption that juveniles are developmentally different from adults and their behaviour is pliable. The purpose is to rehabilitate and not to punish the juveniles whereas adults are more likely to get severe punishments. Juvenile records are sealed documents restricted to public access and even their hearings are not done in public. Whereas criminal records are kept for public access and it is necessary that all the court proceedings are open to public. The juvenile offenders are put on hearing rather than a trial unlike defendants in the criminal justice system who are put on trial based on legal facts. Although the court takes action in the child’s best interest, generally juvenile trials are not the best way to handle juvenile offenders in most of the cases. The juvenile who undergoes trial lives a life of solitude thereafter. â€Å"Labelling theory states that once young people are labelled as criminals, they are more likely to offend.† (Juvenile delinquency). References ‘Juvenile delinquency’.

My Light and Shadows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Light and Shadows - Essay Example have blamed the existence of unethical practices in the global market place to the fact that there are no universal standards for doing business because standards and ethics vary from place to place (Balkundi and Harrison, 2006). This paper therefore discusses the place of biblical principles for businesses and tries to find the place of these biblical principles in becoming universal standards for doing business. Comparing the guidelines offered by Caux Round Table and White’s Biblical principles, there are some similarities and differences that can be realized, especially using the logic variables presented in the two contexts such as purpose, questions posed, inferences, and conclusions made by the two writers. For example, it can be realized that in both contexts, there is a realization of a higher force and a smaller force. In the instance of the Caux Round Table, the employee is the smaller force who is bounded by the interests of the employer, stakeholders, the market, and the business environment. For the employee to gain favor in the sight of the higher force, there are key principles that must be followed in relation to these higher forces (CRT, 2010). In terms of White’s Biblical principles, similar scenarios are created between worshippers and deities. Regardless of this similarity, there are key differences that are noticed. In terms of implications that the two wri ters create, we read about Caux, focusing on the need for the business oriented person to follow specific ethics for the purpose of achieving business growth and a conclusion that brings about self gratification. In contrast to what is implied by White’s Biblical principles, the follower of rules and ethics is expected to do so not specifically for any personal gratification purposes but as a way of pleasing the maker and achieving a reward that is not of the present world but the world that is yet to come. Relating White’s five principles to that of Caux Round Table, there are

Theories of Perception and Perception in the Workplace

Theories of Perception and Perception in the Workplace Perception Perception can be termed as the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. It can be understood as the way in which something is regarded, understood and interpreted. In our day to day activities we perceive things constantly. Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Various authors have defined Perception as follows : â€Å"The best and the most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen, nor touched†¦but are felt in the heart† Hellen Keller â€Å"To begin with, our perception of the world is deformed, incomplete. Then our memory is selective. Finally, writing transforms.† Claude Simon Perception includes our five senses i.e. touch, sight, taste smell and taste. It also involves the cognitive processes required to process information, such as recognizing the face of a friend or detecting a familiar scent. The perceptual process is a sequence of steps that begins with the environment and leads to our perception of a stimulus and an action in response to the stimulus. Most of the perception process takes place subconsciously. However what we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality. For example, we may view our workplace as a great place to work favourable working conditions, interesting job assignments, good pay, excellent benefits, understanding and responsible management but someone else may have a different view point than ours. This is due to the difference in our way of thinking or perception. The Perception Process consists of Three Steps: They are: Selection Organization Interpretation 1. Selection Selection is the process by which we attend to some things in our environment and not others. Because we are exposed to infinitely more data than we can possibly manage, the first thing our brain helps us do is select the data we want to attend to. Many things affect what data we select out of the environment to attend to, but this is primarily a matter of contrast: we are attracted to larger things against a smaller background and vice versa; things that move against a still background, and vice versa; things that repeat, things that are familiar in a strange environment, things that are different in a familiar environment, etc. For example if we are walking around a park we may focus on the swings and not the lake. This is due to the fact that we want to focus on the swings because we give greater importance to it. 2. Organization While we may have selected out and attended to particular data in the environment, many messages are still ambiguous – that is, we can ‘‘arrange’’ the data in more than one way. We all can remember from some training exercise or psychology class those pictures and images that challenged your perceptual abilities – like the one that is both the old haggardly woman and the beautiful young woman with a hat – but not at the same time? There are others that are common – lines that are both bent and parallel; grey spots that appear between squares, but are not ‘‘really’’ there in the physical data? Thats the same issue plaguing us. Importantly however, notice that in all cases, we cannot see the competing sets of stimuli at the same time. We cannot see the old woman and the young woman at the same time; we cannot see the lines as parallel unless we are told to look; we cannot see how the man continually ascends the staircase unless we look for other data. The fact that we see one thing and not the other is the way perception works in conflict. Of course, it’s the same physical picture for everyone, so what explains the discrepancy in ‘‘reality’’? Again, the same picture for everyone – the physical data don’t run around and rearrange themselves when we blink – so why don’t we see the same thing? 3. Interpretation The final perceptual process is interpretation, where we attach an assessment or evaluation to the data, or derive a particular understanding of the data. Our interpretations, as do our organizing schema, come from our mental models or frames of reference. Past experiences play an important role in how we interpret data, as well as our assumptions about human nature, and our expectations about people, things and events. How we interpret data is also influenced by personal mood, as well as ‘‘closure’’, which allows us to add finishing touches to an experience to reduce any uncertainty about the data. It is what allows us to finish another person’s sentence for them, or generalize what another person must be like based on what they are wearing or something they say. Various Studies Conducted on Perception There have been many research and studies done on Perception. Some of them are detailed below: 1. Self Perception Theory Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of  attitude  formation developed by  psychologist  Daryl Bem (1972).According to self-perception theory, people come to know themselves in the same way that they come to know others. They observe their own behaviors in a variety of situations and then they make attributions about their behaviors. Of course, people are free to make so-called fundamental attribution errors. Most of the time we prefer to attribute the causes of behaviors in others to personality traits or internal factors, rather than situational ones. We tend to think that another persons actions are caused by something within, rather than being caused by circumstances, or external, situational factors. The personality traits to which we attribute our own behaviors can be seen as self-definitions. This is especially true in the context of narratives about ourselves in psychotherapy. It may be useful to outline specifically how self-definition operates in counselling and psychotherapy. Such a model can serve to identify the stages of the process. It should also point out a basis for the reciprocal nature of therapy. Here is a proposed six-step outline of the self-definition process in counselling and psychotherapy. In a psychotherapy experience, people learn about themselves by observing their own behaviors: They observe and attend to the things they say about themselves in counselling sessions. The therapist encourages new behaviors, including new recognitions of feelings, new experiences and new cognitions. People then try out new behaviors, both in and out of the counselling sessions. With the counsellors help, they reflect on these new behaviors: What do these behaviors say about their self-definitions? They then redefine their selves according to their new behaviors. Feedback from others, including the counsellor and other members in a group counselling setting, allows them to monitor the changes. It may be that when this sequence occurs, therapists quite often notice that the therapy is â€Å"working.† Perhaps good counselling and psychotherapy experiences can be best understood as instances of heightened self-perception. 2. Extrasensory Perception Extrasensory perception or ESP refers to the sixth sense in an individual. It was coined by Dr. J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities. These psychic abilities included telepathy, clairvoyance, clairaudience and precognition or retro cognition associated with them. He believed that individuals perceive using their mind senses rather than the physical senses. Experiments and Findings Ina Jephson (1920) was one of the first person to conduct a study using cards on ESP. She reported mixed findings across two studies. G.N.M. Tyrrell conducted further experiments using target-selection and data-recording to guess the location of a point of light in future. Other experiments of paranormal cognition and ability to retrieve information through token objects were conducted by Whateley Carington and J. Hettinger respectively. In the 1960s, cognitive psychologyandhumanistic psychology were the centre of development. Therefore in line with them, parapsychologists became increasingly interested in the cognitive components of ESP, the subjective experience involved in making ESP responses, and the role of ESP in psychological life. Memory, for instance, was offered as a better model of psi than perception. This called for experimental procedures that were not limited to Rhines favoured forced-choice methodology. Free-response measures, such as used by Carington in the 1930s, were developed with attempts to raise the sensitivity of participants to their cognitions. These procedures included relaxation, meditation, REM-sleep, and the Ganzfeld (a mild sensory deprivation procedure). 3. Gregory (1970) and Top Down Processing Psychologist  Richard Gregory (1970) believed that perception is a hypothesis. Heargued that perception is a constructive process. It relies on the approach of top down processing. For  Gregory was of the opinion that perception involves making inferences and best guesses from what we see.He argued that people perceive using their past experiences as an anchor in his approach. When we see something, we develop a perceptual hypothesis based on prior knowledge. The hypotheses we develop are nearly always correct. However, on rare occasions, perceptual hypotheses can be disconfirmed by the data we perceive. 4. Gibson (1966) and Bottom Up Processing James Gibson (1966)  criticized Gregorys discussion citing it as artificial and of having no relevance in the real world. It is important to note that Gregory noted these as exceptions in his theory rather than a norm. Gibson was of the opinion that perception is direct. He believed that there is enough information in our environment to perceive directly.Gibson thought that perception is sensation and we get what we see. He believed that the information we receive about our environment w.r.t. to shape, distance, size, etc. is sufficiently detailed for us to form our own perception. For example, Gibsons support of the argument that perception is direct is parallax motion. As we move through our environment, objects which are close to us pass us by faster than those further away. This is most recognisable when we are moving in a fast car. Emerging trends and Challenges globally and in India Factors Affecting Perception in Workplace There are various factors that can affect an individuals perception in a workplace. These factors are responsible for the difference in attitudes among employees, absenteeism, turnaround, job satisfaction etc. The various factors are : Stereotyping: We sometimes see stereotyping in an organisation based on an employees field of work. The most common example is that of white-collar employees and blue-collar employees. The employees from both these stratas have a different perception of each other simply because the kind of work they do. Though both are contributing towards the growth of the organisation but stereotyping brings different perceptions among them Personal problems: Many a times the personal problems of a worker finds its way into his/her work life. These problems can include death, divorce, pregnancy etc. A worker going through a personal problem may be grateful that he has a job atleast and works hard to retain the same. On the other hand he sees is colleague as not being so grateful and perceives him/her as lazy. Cultural Difference: Cultural Differences may play a major role in development of perceptions among individuals. These occur due to the upbringing and the past experience of an individual. Asian employees have a tendency to focus more on the relationship with their employer compared to their western counterparts. In America and Britain the emphasis on time management which is secondary to Indian employees. Management Styles: If a manager does not interfere in the subordinates work and maintains a distance between them he may be perceived as one who does not care about the employees or their work. However if he interferes, he may be thought to be a person who does not trust anybody. Gender Bias: Gender bias and sexual harassment are burning issues that plague all organizations today. What constitutes sexual harassment and what does not is widely influenced by perception. Macabe and Hardman conducted a survey in Australia on sexual harassment and found that white-collar workers perceive and report sexual harassment more than blue-collar ones. The survey found that in white-collar organizations, most women experience sexual harassment. While men were more tolerant than women, women who had experienced it were most likely to report it. In blue-collar organizations, the type of harassment and the people most likely to report it were same but there were no gender differences as far as sexual harassment is concerned. Conclusion Perception is the way we perceive people, objects and events. A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver; in the object, or target, being perceived; or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. When we look at a target and attempt to interpret what we see, our interpretation is heavily influenced by your personal characteristics our attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations. For instance, if we expect police officers to be authoritative or young people to be lazy, we may perceive them as such, regardless of their actual traits. The Perception theories too are not cent percent applicable in all cases. This is due to the fact that each individual is different and he has a separate way of thinking. I would like to conclude by saying that Perception is about PERCEIVING and it depends on the individual. References: Books Robbins , Judge and Vohra (2013) Organisational Behaviour Perception and Individual Decision Making In-text reference : (Robbin, Judge and Vohra,2013) Journals R. Michael Boneko (2011). Learning in conflict: revisiting the role of perception  Development and Learning Organizations VOL. 25 NO. 2 2011, pp. 15-17,  In-text reference : (R.Michael Boneko, 2011) Rostylsaw W. Robak (2001). Self-Definition in Psychotherapy: Is it Time to Revisit Self-Perception Theory?  North American Journal of Psychology, 15277143, 2001, Vol. 3, Issue 3  In-text reference : (Rostylsaw W. Robak, 2001) Ellis, A. (2000). Rational emotive behavior therapy.  In R. J. Corsini D. Wedding (Eds.), Current Psychotherapies (6[supth] ed., pp. 168–204). Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Publishers.  In-text reference : (Ellis, A. ,2000) Websites Kendra Cherry Perception and the Perceptual Process.  Retrieved from the website : http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/  In-text reference : (Kendra Cherry) Boundless Psychology Sensation and Perception  Retrieved from the website:  https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/sensation-and-perception-5/the-basics-of-perception-39/selection-168-12703/  In-text reference : (Boundless Psychology) Wikipedia Perception Theories  Retrieved from the website : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/perception-theories.html  In-text reference : (Perception Theories)

Casablanca Essay example -- essays research papers

CASABLANCA Throughout history, the film industry has seen many directing styles and techniques. The early part of the 20th century saw a factory style of film production, but as the years went by, director's began to employ new and untried techniques in their pictures. One such technique which these director's implemented was a new approach to the use of the camera and camera angles. "Casablanca," an Academy Award winning film of 1942 saw director Michael Curtiz manipulate the camera in ways others had not. He uses the close-up, point-of- view, and creative shot motivation methods in his film starring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman, to create an American cinema classic. The first camera technique Curtiz uses to help narrate the film is the close-up shot. The close-up can effectively convey the story to the viewer without the use of excessive dialogue. In this instance, the viewer is introduced to the main character, Rick, through the use of the close-up. The first scene in "Rick's Cafe," shows people gambling and making illegal deals to leave Casablanca. An employee of the cafe brings a check to a man seated at a chess table to sign. The signature reads, "OK. Rick." By using this shot, the director makes clear to the reader, without any dialogue, that the man signing the check is Rick. This technique, however, is just the first of many used by Curtiz. The point-of-view shot, also used by Curtiz was intended to place the audience directly ...

Justice in Hamlet

Hamlet, a timeless tragedy written by literary mastermind William Shakespeare, has puzzled scholars for decades. Hamlet, who is arguably the most enigmatic character in English literature, is a vividly thoughtful young prince who conspires revenge on his uncle Claudius for the murder of his father King Hamlet. Hamlet becomes obsessed with achieving this justice for his father's death, a duty he views as noble, but he quickly comes to realize that carrying out the murder is not as simple a task as he originally thought.As evidenced by events that unfold that result in the death of many of his friends and family, and also himself, a sense of justice can become easily warped and corrupted when revenge is the motivator. Hamlet's quest for justice is first introduced when he is visited by an ambiguous ghost who claims to be his father, the former king. The ghost tells Hamlet the details of his murder, including that his uncle Claudius is the culprit. Hamlet, shocked and angry, avows to av enge his father's death.He swears he will forget all of the fond memories he had of his uncle Claudius, saying, â€Å"from the table of my memory I'll wipe away all trivial fond records† (Act 1, Scene 5). He replaces these memories with a tarnished image of Claudius as a murderer, and resolves that, in order for justice to be guaranteed, Claudius must also be murdered. However, despite becoming infatuated with this revenge, Hamlet delays multiple times in killing Claudius. His initial delay was to prove Claudius' guilt, which he does so by staging a play that reenacts King Hamlet's murder.A perfect opportunity arises later for Hamlet to carry out his revenge, but Claudius is confessing his sins, which conflicts with Hamlet's idea of true justice: he does not want Claudius' soul to go to heaven after his death. Instead, he decides to wait to murder Claudius until after he has committed a sin. Although these actions seen to indicate Hamlet's infatuation with perfecting the time and circumstance of Claudius' murder, Hamlet acts rashly after seeing a figure behind a curtain: he believes this to be Claudius, and impulsively stabs the figure, but it ends up being Polonius, the father of Ophelia and Laertes.This brings about more problems for Hamlet, adding further complexity to a situation that was originally supposed to be straightforward: Ophelia, gone mad by the death of her father, commits suicide by drowning herself, and Laertes, encouraged by Claudius, begins his pursuit of justice by avenging the deaths of his father and beloved sister. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet is presented as a normal, albeit bitter, young man. Upon hearing of his uncle's treachery, Hamlet initially seeks out justice for his father's murder, determined to catch Claudius in a confession and expose him.However, Hamlet's original intentions of serving justice become lost, first when he decides to play the ‘antic disposition', then when he sets up the play ‘The Mou setrap', arranging the execution of his school friends, and finally when he forces Claudius to drink from the poisoned goblet. However, due to Hamlet's consumption with revenge, all of his loved ones die until he is left with nothing by the play's end. Realizing that his vengeful actions have, in some way or another, caused the deaths of those he loved, Hamlet's death is somewhat suitable, but certainly not satisfying.The reader does not finish the play with a feeling that justice has been served. Instead, we are left with a stark, bloody conclusion to what the seeds of revenge can sow. But the other themes of death are seen in Laertes pursuit of justice for the death of his father by Hamlet's hand and as a consequence his sister Ophelia's death. Characters who want justice: Hamlet – To restore justice Hamlet needs to expose not just Claudius but his mother as well, something he finds difficult.He does indeed finally kill his uncle after his mother has been poisoned but only becomes king long enough to name his successor as he is dying himself at the time he kills Claudius. He can restore justice by becoming the rightful king of Denmark and exposing his uncle as a murderer. i am justly killed with mine own treachery. Well, consider the price that was paid in order for Hamlet to exact his revenge: Ophelia shunned, gone mad, then dying; good friends manipulated then murdered; Polonius mocked then murdered; Laertes driven to murder and violence; and a mother reprimanded and killed.

Facebook vs. Twitter Essay

Of all the many social media outlets out there today, Facebook and twitter are the most popular in my opinion. These two social media phenomenas have several comparisons and differences in various ways. Facebook ranked number one in most used social network world wide, twitter isn’t to far behind on the list. This two social networks are appealing to billions of people all over the world because it helps you get connected with friends and you are able to communicate with them as well through tweets or Facebook chats. Which social network is better? That is for you to answer, however the social network is more beneficial to you may influence which network you prefer to use. First of all, the majority of people seem to think Facebook to be more popular than twitter. The main reason Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook was for people to connect with friends, current friends or friends from high school that you wish to get back in touch with. You can potentially connect with new friends through Facebook as well and meet different people from all of the country. The installed user base for Facebook hit one billion users at the end of september which considered by many to be a milestone that no other social network will surpass anytime soon. The reason users may not be a fan of Facebook or like twitter more is due to the fact that navigation and updates to Facebook or rather difficult and you invest more time into it. When you message somebody on Facebook it’s unlikely that you will get an immediate response from that person unless they are currently on and get notified they have a new message. On the other hand, Twitter’s popularity comes from how easily you can interact with people and you receive rapid response. People like the simplicity of twitter’s navigation and being able to send tweets whenever, if you tweet at someone and that person has the mobile app they will be notified immediately with the ability to respond quickly. Twitter’s similarities with texting are popular with the young crowd such as myself and other students all over the world. Unlike Facebooks large user base that attracts people, unfortunately twitter can’t compete with that, they are known for a much smaller user base. When sending tweets you are limited to only 140 characters, so you must be to the point when sending a tweet. Among these two social networks differences there are also several similarities. You can download both of the networks mobile app to your smart phone and access the network from your phone. Facebook and twitter both allow you to upload pictures on your profile for people and friends to view. Tweets and statuses are similar in the sense users can see what you posted on the news feed, and the popularity and growth of both networks are the biggest similarity the two have in common. Which one do you pick? I have both Facebook and twitter, I enjoy both of them and they are beneficial to my life. In the end I tend to like Facebook just a little bit more due to the interactiveness the network offers. Each network has its pros, cons and attracts people depending on the type of person you are. One person may like twitter better than Facebook, that’s fine and dandy as well, the user has there personal preference based on who they are. At the end of the day both social networks; Facebook and Twitter succeed to curb my enthusiasm.